Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40632818›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026

Genetic Risk and Transition Through Preclinical Stages of Type 1 Diabetes.

Andrea K Steck, Hemang M Parikh, Taylor M Triolo, Lauric Ferrat, Lu You, Peter A Gottlieb, Richard A Oram, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, Jeffrey P Krischer, Stephen S Rich and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Observational
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Andrea K SteckBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5931-9484
Hemang M ParikhHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9076-6709
Taylor M TrioloBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4796-6542
Lauric FerratDepartment of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
Lu YouHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
Peter A GottliebBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Richard A OramInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3581-8980
Suna Onengut-GumuscuDepartment of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Jeffrey P KrischerHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4526-888X
Stephen S RichDepartment of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Maria J RedondoDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Funding

Revision to the Coordinating Center for Type 1 Diabetes TrialNetU01DK106993 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI JEFFREY P KRISCHER, SAMUEL S WU · 2019 to 2026
$181.3M
Data Coordinating Center for Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet (UC4)USF: TrialNet UC4-3UC4DK117009 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2017 to 2019
$49.6M
NIDDK Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Data Coordinating CenterUC4DK106993 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2015 to 2015
$36.6M
Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Clinical Network HubU01DK103282 · NIDDK · BENAROYA RESEARCH INST AT VIRGINIA MASON · PI CARLA J GREENBAUM, KURT J GRIFFIN · 2014 to 2026
$14.2M
Northwest Clinical Center for Type 1 Diabetes - TrialNetU01DK061034 · NIDDK · BENAROYA RESEARCH INST AT VIRGINIA MASON · PI GREENBAUM, CARLA J · 2001 to 2018
$10.3M
Type I Diabetes Trialnet at StsnfordU01DK061042 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI WILSON, DARRELL M · 2001 to 2018
$8.5M
UCSF Trialnet: A Phase II Trial of Imatimib in New Onset Type I DiabetesU01DK061010 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GITELMAN, STEPHEN E · 2001 to 2018
$8.1M
Type 1 Diabetes-A Proposal for Prevention & InterventionU01DK085476 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI MORAN, ANTOINETTE M. · 2009 to 2018
$7.1M
Prediction and Prevention of Type I DiabetesU01DK061058 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI BECKER, DOROTHY J · 2001 to 2018
$6.5M
TrialNet: University of Florida Clinical Center and NetworkU01DK085461 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI HALLER, MICHAEL JAMES · 2009 to 2018
$5.9M
TrialNet: Diabetes Type 1 PreventionU01DK085509 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI GOTTLIEB, PETER A · 2009 to 2018
$5.8M
Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Clinical Center: Effects of Alefacept in New Onset T1DU01DK085499 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI BAIDAL, DAVID · 2009 to 2018
$4.9M
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIDDK NIH HHSNIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK121843NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061010NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061034NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061042NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061058NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085461NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085465NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085466NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085476NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085499NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085509NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK103153NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK103180NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK103266NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK103282NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK106984NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK106993NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK106994NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK107013NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK107014NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK106993NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK117009NIH HHS R01 DK121843
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextThe influence of genetic factors on the transition through preclinical stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has not been studied.

objectiveOur aim was to evaluate the influence of genetic factors on transition through T1D stages.

methodsIn TrialNet participants who have been genotyped with the TEDDY-T1DExomeChip array (Illumina HumanCoreExome Beadarray with custom content), we evaluated the influence of the overall T1D genetic risk score (GRS2), its human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA components, HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 haplotypes, and 90 single-nucleotide variations previously associated with islet autoimmunity and/or T1D on 3 transitions between diabetes stages: from single confirmed autoantibody positive to stage 1 (N = 4314), from stage 1 to stage 2 (N = 3066), and from stage 2 to stage 3 (clinical) T1D (N = 2045).

resultsThe T1D GRS2 was associated with all 3 transitions with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.11 (1.09-1.14) for single-autoantibody positivity to stage 1, HR 1.05 (1.03-1.08) for stage 1 to 2, and HR 1.13 (1.09-1.17) for stage 2 to 3 T1D. The T1D GRS2 HLA and HLA class II components were associated with all 3 transitions. The HLA class I component and the HLA-DR4 haplotype were associated with the transition from single-autoantibody positivity to stage 1 and from stage 2 to stage 3 T1D, while HLA-DR3 was associated only with the latter.

conclusionGenetics influence transitions through each stage of preclinical T1D, with main contributions from HLA class II. These results increase our understanding of T1D development and support incorporating the T1D GRS2 to enhance the prediction of progression through the preclinical stages of T1D.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Genetic Predisposition to DiseasePrediabetic StateAdolescentAdultAutoantibodiesChildChild, PreschoolDisease ProgressionFemaleGenotypeHaplotypesHLA AntigensHumansMalePolymorphism, Single NucleotideAutoantibodiesHLA Antigensearly type 1 diabetes markersgenetic risk factorsgenetic risk scoreprediction of T1Dtype 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40632818
PMCPMC12442911

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.