ArticleBMJ open2025
Association between loneliness and depression, anxiety and anger during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide population-based survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Generalized anxiety and loneliness among the general population in Saudi Arabia.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aims to determine the association between loneliness and depression, anxiety and anger with a representative sample of the general population in Korea, which are the most prevalent mental health problems during the pandemic.
designCross-sectional study.
settingNational survey across all 17 provinces in South Korea between December 2021 and January 2022.
participantsWe conducted a national survey on 2699 participants aged 19-84 years using proportional stratified sampling. Using the UCLA Loneliness Scale and standardised questionnaires for depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7) and anger (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Anger), we explored the prevalence and association of loneliness with these mental health outcomes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes included the prevalence and co-occurrence of depression, anxiety and anger across different levels of loneliness.
resultsOf total, 20.7% and 2.1% experienced moderately high and high levels of loneliness, respectively. Among participants with high levels of loneliness, 11.8%, 5.9% and 11.8% had depression, anxiety and anger, respectively, and 28.7% of them had depression, anxiety and anger together. The adjusted prevalence of depression was 0.2 (95% CI 0.0 to 0.5), 8.2 (95% CI 6.7 to 9.7), 31.3 (95% CI 27.4 to 35.3) and 63.5 (95% CI 50.1 to 76.8) for low, moderate, moderately high and high levels of loneliness, respectively. Similarly, increased adjusted prevalence of anxiety and anger was observed ㅈwith higher levels of loneliness.
conclusionsLonely people have a higher risk of depression, anxiety and anger. Identifying individuals who may be vulnerable to loneliness is important for early intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.