ArticleJournal of physiological anthropology2025
Loneliness, insomnia symptoms, social jetlag, and vitamin D deficiency in relation to mental health problems in Japanese female university students: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Journal of physiological anthropology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations Between Concentrations of Vitamin D3, Vitamin B12, and Folate and the Well-Being of Medical Students.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Vitamin D as a Regulator of the Biological Clock-Implications for Circadian-Metabolic Dysregulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Effects of vitamin D supplementation on depression in adult women: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Korean biological nursing science · 2026Review
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundVitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among Japanese female university students. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with physical and mental health problems, including sleep disorders. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and sleep and mental health problems among Japanese female university students.
methodsParticipants were 224 female university students. Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for vitamin D assessment. Mental health was assessed using the K6. Sleep-wake status as a factor related to mental health was assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire. Loneliness was assessed using the Three-Item Loneliness Scale. Factors predicting mental health problems with a K6 score ≥ 5 were explored using the Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact probability test, and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.
resultsThe median (interquartile range) serum 25(OH)D concentration was 14.5 (11.8-18.3) ng/mL. Of the participants, 80.8% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL), and 26.3% had severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 12 ng/mL). In total, 41.1% had mental health problems with a K6 score of ≥ 5. Although there was no significant association between vitamin D deficiency and sleep-wake problems, vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among those with K6 scores ≥ 5 (P = 0.02). Compared to those with K6 < 5, those with K6 ≥ 5 had significantly higher Loneliness and AIS scores (P < 0.001), greater social jetlag (P = 0.03), shorter sleep duration on weekdays (P = 0.03), and lower serum 25(OH)D concentration (P = 0.02). In the CART analysis, the algorithm was set in the order of Loneliness score ≥ 6, AIS score ≥ 7, social jetlag ≥ 150 min, and serum 25(OH)D concentration < 14 ng/mL, and the target accuracy (95% confidence interval: CI) was 76.5 (70.3-81.9)%, and sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 62.2 (51.4-72.2)% and 86.3 (79.2-91.6)%, respectively.
conclusionsLoneliness, insomnia symptoms, social jetlag, and vitamin D deficiency were associated with mental health problems among Japanese female university students.
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