ArticlePharmaceutical research2025
Inhalable N-Acetylcysteine-loaded Lactose-coated PLGA Nanoparticles for Tuberculosis Treatment.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Perspective Approaches to "Trojan Horse" Strategy Development for Combating Bacterial Pathogens.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Lower Respiratory Infections: Pulmonary Targeting, Anti-Infective Applications, and Translational Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Multifunctional PLGA nanosystems: enabling integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGlutathione (GSH), known for having mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, is used in clinical practice in several pathologies, including tuberculosis (TB). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been primarily used to treat lung conditions and paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. However, NAC exhibits potential antimycobacterial activity through several mechanisms including immunomodulation, enhancement of GSH levels, and direct antimycobacterial effect. In this work, we aim to develop an effective drug delivery system for NAC for inhalable formulations.
methodsHerein, we report the development of lactose-coated NAC-loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NAC-PLGA NPs) obtained by double emulsion methodology. Lactose has a double role, as a cryoprotectant agent and dispersant for inhalable formulations. The physicochemical properties of lactose-coated NAC-PLGA NPs were examined in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. The in vitro release and lung deposition studies were assessed.
resultsThe physicochemical characterization studies revealed the compatibility of the drug with the selected excipients. Moreover, lactose-coated NAC-PLGA NPs showed particle size of 310 ± 3 nm, PdI of 0.15 ± 0.01, and of -11.5 ± 0.4 mV. The in vitro release study suggested a biphasic release profile. Likewise, in vitro lung deposition studies revealed desirable lung deposition parameters, indicating effective particle size for efficient pulmonary delivery. Additionally, in vitro studies for antimycobacterial activity exhibited superior antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv.
conclusionsThese preliminary findings suggest that lactose-coated NAC-PLGA NPs can open the door to new therapeutic options against one of the most drug-refractory and drug-resistant infectious diseases, TB.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.