Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40640947›Full record

ArticleParasites & vectors2025

Prevalence, diagnostic evaluation, and disease associations of vector-borne pathogens in domestic dogs across Namibia: a multi-modal approach.

Lourens de Villiers, Johan P Schoeman, Barend L Penzhorn, Umberto Molini, Mari de Villiers, S Marcus Makgabo, Charles Byaruhanga, Nicola E Collins, Peter N Thompson, Samantha Zealand and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Lourens de VilliersDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Johan P SchoemanDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Barend L PenzhornDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa. banie.penzhorn@up.ac.za.
Umberto MoliniIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
Mari de VilliersRhino Park Veterinary Clinic, 54 Rhino Street, PO Box 50533, Windhoek, Namibia.
S Marcus MakgaboDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Charles ByaruhangaDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Nicola E CollinsDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Peter N ThompsonDepartment of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Samantha ZealandSPCA Windhoek, 145 Robert Mugabe Avenue, PO Box 1495, Windhoek, Namibia.
Wilhelm H StoltszDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Ian J M BainesDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
Siegfried KhaisebCentral Veterinary Laboratory, 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia.
Marinda C OosthuizenDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.

Funding

Agricultural Sector Education Authority No. N02001, 2022-2024Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine No. 2901, 2022Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority No. A0Y104, 2021IDEXX Laboratories South Africa 2022South African Veterinary Foundation 2022University of Pretoria Pathobiology Research theme No. N18344, 2022University of Pretoria postgraduate bursary 2021-2023
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDue to limited documentation on vector-borne pathogens of companion animals in Namibia, a country-wide, multi-site field study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of these pathogens in domestic dogs.

methodsSamples of whole blood and serum from 375 dogs in 15 towns across eight regions were analysed. Vector-borne pathogens were screened by light microscopic examination of blood smears, point-of-care serology, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Haematology and serum biochemistry analyses were also performed.

resultsCollectively, the SNAP

conclusionsDiagnostic modalities should be used contextually to test for canine pathogens, with due consideration of the limitations. Appropriate diagnostic testing such as qPCR, guided by relevant known associations with disease manifestation, should guide responsible treatment strategies and identify potential zoonotic risks in pets.

Indexed as

Dog DiseasesVector Borne DiseasesAnaplasmaAnaplasmosisAnimalsBabesiaBorrelia burgdorferiDirofilaria immitisDogsEhrlichiaEhrlichia canisFemaleMaleNamibiaPrevalenceReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionAnaplasmaBabesiaCanineEhrlichiaHepatozoonMicroscopyMolecularSerology

Identifiers

PMID40640947
PMCPMC12243234

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.