ArticleChinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu2025
Tumor-educated cells in tumor microenvironment: Key drivers of immunotherapy resistance.
Article in Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advances in Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines (2010-2025).Vaccines · 2026Review
- TMEM72 Inhibits the proliferation by promoting cellular senescence through the activation of the P38/MAPK signaling pathway in renal cell carcinoma.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Multi-omics integration and clinical validation identify CKAP2 as a diagnostic biomarker for bladder cancer.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- From guardians to traitors: molecular mechanisms of tumor-induced T cell betrayal.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Chemotherapy-free regimen: Real-world efficacy and safety of anlotinib plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2026Article
- Chromatin regulatorsChinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2026Article
- Targeting urological cancers with CAR-T cell therapy: current landscape and future directions.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Integrated regulation of ferroptosis in prostate cancer covering mechanisms, resistance, and translational opportunities.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Crosstalk in the brain tumor microenvironment: mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical advances.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- The role of delayed cytoreductive nephrectomy following axitinib-toripalimab for the mRCC patient in current immunotherapy era: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Harnessing Ribonucleoprotein Granule Biology for Cancer Therapy: The Central Role of Protein Modifications.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the past decade, immunotherapies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) have been approved for solid tumors. However, some patients demonstrate suboptimal clinical outcomes due to resistance. The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly affects the efficiency of immunotherapy by mediating interactions between tumor and non-tumor cells, including dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These non-tumor cells often exhibit two phenotypes with altered functions, and tumor cells drives their transition towards tumor promotion through tumor-education. Tumor-educated cells (TECs) are cells influenced by tumor cells, which acquire immune-suppressive phenotypes and promote tumor progression through resistance to anti-cancer therapies. These cells undergo modifications in response to signals from the tumor, which can influence their roles in tumor progression. Their dynamic interactions with tumor cells contribute to the reshaping of the TME, facilitating cancer growth and immune modulation. This review summarizes research on TECs in TME, explores mechanisms related to tumor education, and discusses their role in tumor progression and immunotherapy resistance. Additionally, potential therapeutic approaches targeting these cells are also reviewed, which may complement current treatment strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.