ReviewFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2025
What We Know About per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Contamination Levels in Milk. A Review from the Last Decade.
Review in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tracing the origins of molecular signals in food through integrative metabolomics and chemical databases.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Due to its nutritional value and versatility, milk is recognized to be one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, with a forecasted global consumption of 356 million tons in 2025. Recent updates in legislation and the assessment of their toxicological effects increased attention to the determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), classified as "forever pollutants" for their stability and environmental spread in foods. The present review aims to collect all the information related to milk contamination reported by the scientific literature over the last decade and address the PFAS contamination levels around the globe. Twenty-two studies were found to be published about the detection of PFASs in milk in the period considered in this review, with a total of 824 analyzed samples on a global scale and a maximum of 60 investigated analytes. This review confirms that PFASs, including PFOA and PFOS, are detected in milk worldwide. However, the wide variability in reported concentration levels highlights a critical lack of consistent data and underscores the absence of coordinated, large-scale monitoring programs. This gap in surveillance significantly limits our understanding of actual exposure risks and reinforces the urgent need for comprehensive, systematic research across different regions and production systems.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.