Impact of a 12-Week Hypocaloric Weight Loss Diet with Mixed Tree Nuts vs. Pretzels on Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) Levels in Overweight Adults.

Onkei Lei, Jieping Yang, Hannah H Kang, Zhaoping Li

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Time Exposure and Fat Mass Reduction Drive Trimethylamine N-Oxide Modulation During a Very-Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) in Women with Obesity.Metabolites · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Onkei LeiCenter for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9050-500X

Jieping YangCenter for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0940-7662

Hannah H KangCenter for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.ORCID 0009-0002-0137-9051

Zhaoping LiCenter for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8662-4310

Funding

Center for Human Nutrition and the International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research and Education Foundation NCT03159689

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiome metabolite linked to cardiovascular health, can be influenced by dietary factors like choline intake and diet quality. This study compared the effects of mixed tree nuts (MTNs) and pretzels, as part of a 12-week hypocaloric weight loss diet, on TMAO levels and identified dietary predictors.

methodsPlasma samples from 95 overweight individuals consuming either 1.5 oz. of mixed tree nuts (MTNs,

resultsBaseline demographics, anthropometric measures, HEI scores, and dietary choline intake were similar between the MTN and pretzel groups. A significant positive association was observed between baseline dietary choline and plasma TMAO levels (

conclusionsThe 12-week hypocaloric diet reduced body weight and plasma TMAO levels similarly in both MTN and pretzel groups. Participants with lower dietary quality saw a greater reduction in TMAO levels in the MTN group, suggesting MTNs may better modulate TMAO levels, especially for those with poorer baseline diets.

Indexed as

Diet, ReducingMethylaminesNutsOverweightAdultCholineFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedWeight LossCholineMethylaminestrimethyloxaminecardiovascular healthcholine intakedietary interventiondiet qualitygut microbiomeHEI scorehypocaloric dietmixed tree nutsTMAOweight loss

Identifiers

PMID40647243

DOI10.3390/nu17132137

PMCPMC12252414

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.