Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40647494›Full record

ReviewCancers2025

Ultra-Processed Diets and Endocrine Disruption, Explanation of Missing Link in Rising Cancer Incidence Among Young Adults.

Almir Fajkić, Orhan Lepara, Rijad Jahić, Almira Hadžović-Džuvo, Andrej Belančić, Alexander Chupin, Doris Pavković, Emina Karahmet Sher

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Almir FajkićDepartment of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.ORCID 0000-0002-3722-9701
Orhan LeparaDepartment of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Rijad JahićUniversity Clinical Center Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Almira Hadžović-DžuvoDepartment of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Andrej BelančićDepartment of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0001-7848-6600
Alexander ChupinPeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-0804-8039
Doris PavkovićInternational Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham NG11 8NE, UK.
Emina Karahmet SherInternational Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham NG11 8NE, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0913-5759

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global increase in early-onset cancers among adolescents and young adults has happened at the same time as the rise in the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Far beyond their poor nutritional quality, UPFs are increasingly seen as Trojan horses, complex biological agents that interfere with many functions of the human organism. In this review, we utilise the Trojan horse model to explain the quiet and building health risks from UPFs as foods that seem harmless, convenient, and affordable while secretly delivering endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), causing chronic low-grade inflammation, altering the microbiome, and producing epigenetic alterations. We bring together new proof showing that UPFs mess up hormonal signals, harm the body's ability to fight off harmful germs, lead to an imbalance of microbes, and cause detrimental changes linked to cancer. Important components, such as bisphenols and phthalates, can migrate from containers into food, while additional ingredients and effects from cooking disrupt the normal balance of cells. These exposures are especially harmful during vulnerable developmental periods and may lay the groundwork for disease many years later. The Trojan horse model illustrates the hidden nature of UPF-related damage, not through a sudden toxin but via chronic dysregulation of metabolic, hormonal, and genetic control. This model changes focus from usual diet worries to a bigger-picture view of UPFs as causes of life-disrupting damage. Ultimately, this review aims to identify gaps in current knowledge and epidemiological approaches and highlight the need for multi-omics, long-term studies and personalised nutrition plans to assess and reduce the cancer risk associated with UPFs. Recognising UPFs as a silent disruptor is crucial in shaping public health policies and cancer prevention programs targeting younger people.

Indexed as

early-onset cancerepigeneticsinflammationmicrobiomeTrojan horse modelultra-processed foods: endocrine-disrupting chemicals

Identifiers

PMID40647494
PMCPMC12249071

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.