Observational studyInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Exploring Molecular Signatures Associated with Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.
Observational study in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern that significantly increases the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. This study aimed to identify molecular markers of inflammation (INF) and angiogenesis (ANG) in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). We conducted an observational, multicenter, case-control study including 116 participants classified into T2DM with NPDR, T2DM without DR, and non-diabetic controls (SCG) undergoing cataract surgery. AH samples were collected intraoperatively and analyzed for 27 cytokines using multiplex immunoassay. Eighteen immune mediators were detected in AH samples, and several were significantly elevated in the NPDR group, including the interleukins (IL) -1β, -6, -8, -15, -17, as well as the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1b), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T cell-expressed and -secreted protein (RANTES), and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These molecules are involved in retinal INF, blood-retinal barrier breakdown, and pathological neovascularization. Our findings reveal a distinct pro-INF and pro-ANG profile in the AH of NPDR patients, suggesting that these cytokines may serve as early diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for DR. Targeting these molecules could provide novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate retinal damage and vision loss in diabetic patients.
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