Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40652033›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Efficient dispersion of aggregated extracellular vesicles: a comparative study of water-bath sonication and regular pipetting.

Suryeon Kim, Inhwan Oh, Juhyun Kim, Nayeong Lee, Jun Go, Yang Jin, Won June Kim, Heedoo Lee

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Suryeon Kim *Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea.
Inhwan Oh *Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea.
Juhyun Kim *Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea.
Nayeong LeeDepartment of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea.
Jun GoDepartment of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea.
Yang JinDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
Won June KimDepartment of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea. wjkim@changwon.ac.kr.
Heedoo LeeDepartment of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea. leehd@changwon.ac.kr.

Funding

Novel mechanistic insights of inflammation and organ injuryR01HL173893 · NHLBI · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · PI Yang Jin · 2025 to 2026
$491k
Novel Targets in aging-associated sepsis and organ failureR21AG087977 · NIA · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · PI JIN, YANG · 2024 to 2024
$450k
Global LAMP Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea RS2024-00444460Korea Basic Science Institute 2023R1A6C101B022KRIBB Research Initiative Program KGM5322523National Research Foundation of Korea RS-2024-00340246NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL173893NIA NIH HHS R21 AG087977
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles released by various cell types that facilitate intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules. Owing to their biocompatibility, EVs are widely used as drug delivery vehicles. However, freezing EVs at - 70 °C can induce aggregation, reducing their effective concentration and drug delivery efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the use of water-bath sonication to disperse aggregated EVs and compared its effectiveness with regular pipetting. Frozen EVs showed reduced total concentration and increased aggregation relative to fresh EVs. Sonication at power level 3 (40 kHz, 100 W) significantly increased EV concentration and reduced aggregation. Unlike pipetting, only sonication effectively dispersed aggregated EVs, though subsequent pipetting caused reaggregation. In vivo, aggregated EVs were detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice treated with frozen EVs, whereas mice receiving sonicated EVs exhibited fewer aggregates and enhanced cellular uptake. Molecular dynamics simulations supported the effectiveness of sonication in dispersing EVs. In conclusion, water-bath sonication is a simple and effective method to restore the functionality of freeze-thawed EVs, improving their intracellular delivery and therapeutic potential.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesSonicationAnimalsBronchoalveolar Lavage FluidDrug Delivery SystemsFreezingHumansMiceMolecular Dynamics SimulationWaterWaterExtracellular vesiclesParticle aggregationRegular pipettingWater-bath sonication

Identifiers

PMID40652033
PMCPMC12255699

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.