Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40653471›Full record

SynthesisBMC oral health2025

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abouzar Nazari, Mina Hajihashemi, Seyyed Roghayeh Safavi, Raziyeh Ataei, Maede Hosseinnia

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Abouzar NazariDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. abozarnazari368@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-5438
Mina HajihashemiDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Seyyed Roghayeh SafaviDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Raziyeh AtaeiBachelor of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Maede HosseinniaDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. maede.hoseynnia93@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOral health is a crucial component of overall well-being, particularly in childhood and adolescence when lifetime habits are established. Health education and theory-Based health promotion interventions can enhance oral health outcomes more effectively than traditional knowledge-transfer methods.

objectiveThe present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed with the objective of assessing the effectiveness of theory-Based health education and promotion interventions in impacting oral health outcomes among children and adolescents.

methodsBased on PRISMA and PROSPERO registration, the systematic search in seven databases was performed up to March 2025. Only RCTs involving participants aged 5 to 18 years old and with use of theoretical models like the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, or Social Cognitive Theory were taken into account. Primary outcomes included oral health behavior, knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and clinical indicators like dental plaque, periodontal status, and DMFT. The data were combined through random-effects meta-analysis, and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool.

resultsNineteen RCTs were included. Interventions had a significant boost in self-efficacy (SMD = 1.49, 95% CI: 0.99,2.00), oral health-related quality of life (SMD = 7.38, 95% CI: 5.57,9.19), knowledge (SMD = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.80,1.39), attitudes (SMD = 9.32, 95% CI: 7.08,11.55), and behavior (SMD = 2.58, 95% CI: 2.03,3.12). Significant declines in dental plaque (SMD = -1.92, 95% CI: -2.42,-1.42) and periodontal health (SMD = -1.18, 95% CI: -1.83,-0.53) but not in DMFT scores (SMD = -0.11, 95% CI: -0.27,0.04) also occurred. High heterogeneity and small sample of evidence of publication bias were detected.

conclusionsTheory-Based health education and promotion interventions are effective in enhancing oral health outcomes across a wide range of outcomes in children and adolescents. Future research should have long-term follow-up, standardization of outcomes measures, fidelity of intervention, economic evaluations, and equitable provision across diverse populations. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

trial registrationThis systematic review has been registered prospectively in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) with registration number CRD420251026862.

Indexed as

Health Education, DentalHealth PromotionOral HealthAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolHealth BehaviorHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansSelf EfficacyAdolescentsChildrenHealth educationHealth promotionMeta-analysisModelOral healthSystematic reviewTheory

Identifiers

PMID40653471
PMCPMC12257711

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.