Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40653594›Full record

ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology reports2025

Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Therapeutic Approaches.

Morteza Rajabi, Sajjad Shafaeibajestan, Sevda Asadpour, Ghazal Alyari, Niloofar Taei, Moein Kohkalani, Ramin Raoufinia, Hamed Afarande, Ehsan Saburi

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Morteza RajabiDepartment of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Sajjad ShafaeibajestanShared Health - Northern Regional Health Authority (NRHA), Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada.
Sevda AsadpourDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Ghazal AlyariDepartment of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Niloofar TaeiDepartment of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, Iran.
Moein KohkalaniDepartment of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Ramin RaoufiniaDepartment of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Hamed AfarandeDepartment of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Ehsan SaburiDepartment of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1679-1068

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

background and purposePrimary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is a clinically different form of MS that causes gradual and irreversible neurological impairment from symptom onset without relapses or remissions. With a mean onset age of 37-43 years, PPMS affects 10%-15% of MS patients and presents distinct diagnostic and treatment issues. Mobility issues, persistent pain, sensory disturbances, cognitive deficits, and bowel and bladder problems intensify over time. Neuroimaging shows substantial brain and spinal cord atrophy with fewer brain lesions but more spinal cord lesions.

findingsDrugs like ocrelizumab reduce progression, whereas high-dose biotin, simvastatin, and coenzyme Q10 are being investigated. PPMS treatment is difficult, with continuing research on fingolimod, idebenone, anti-LINGO-1, neuromodulation, and plasmapheresis. Ocrelizumab has shown encouraging outcomes. Preclinical gene therapy studies on immune regulation, neuroprotection, and remyelination in MS animals show promise. Hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stem cell therapies have also been studied for their capacity to reduce neuroinflammation, repair tissue, and boost neurotrophic support.

conclusionsClinical research utilizing human fetal neural precursor cells (hfNPCs) reveals neuroprotective advantages and opportunities for PPMS treatment. Early clinical trials have shown promising results, but more study is needed to prove the safety and usefulness of these new PPMS treatments.

Indexed as

Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic ProgressiveAnimalsAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedGenetic TherapyHumansAntibodies, Monoclonal, Humanizedfingolimodgene therapyneuromodulationocrelizumabprimary progressive multiple sclerosisstem cell therapy

Identifiers

PMID40653594
PMCPMC12256204

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.