ArticleSmall science2025
A Modular Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle Platform Enables Rapid Design of Dual COVID-19-Flu Mucosal Vaccines.
Article in Small science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preclinical Evaluation of a Phage T4-Based Multi-Epitope Nanoparticle Vaccine Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- CRISPR-Cpf1-Mediated T4 Phage Genome Editing for One-Step In Vivo Display of Heterologous Protein.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A multivalent, rapidly deployable, mucosal vaccine platform is desperately needed to prevent acquisition and transmission of respiratory infections during epidemics and pandemics. No such approved platform currently exists and virtually all under investigation use infectious viruses that have safety concerns and are not amenable for multivalent engineering. Herein, a non-infectious biomaterial platform is presented, the bacteriophage T4 nanoparticle endowed with unique features for modular engineering, which is exploited to design dual COVID-Flu mucosal vaccines. By leveraging T4's natural affinity to nasal mucosa, in vivo CRISPR engineering, and in vitro SpyCatcher-SpyTag conjugation, hundreds of antigen molecules are incorporated from SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses into one nanoparticle. These include spike and hemagglutinin trimers and M2e peptides decorating the capsid while encapsulating matrix or nucleocapsid proteins inside, thereby achieving unprecedented antigen density and diversity, a pinnacle nanoparticle design. Intranasal administration of this adjuvant-free T4-CoV-Flu vaccine induces remarkable mucosal immunity against both respiratory pathogens, including high-titer neutralizing antibodies and secretory IgA, lung-resident CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.