A comprehensive review of recent advances in the extraction and therapeutic potential of berberine.

The extraction methods of berberine hydrochloride include water, acidified water, lime milk, and ethanol extraction. The water extraction method is mainly a decoction method, whereas the alcohol extraction method mainly includes microwave, ultrasonic and cable reflux extraction. In the alcohol extraction method, the solvent has low restriction and can be used repeatedly, making the operation simple and increasing the extraction rate; however, the equipment investment for ultrasonic extraction and other methods is substantial. This method can shorten the extraction time and achieve a higher extraction rate; however, it has disadvantages such as high solvent cost, large solvent amount, difficult recovery, hidden danger of safety in operation, the extraction process involving heating steps, and high energy consumption. Thus, it is not suitable for industrial mass production. The extraction processes of sour water and lime milk are relatively simple and inexpensive, which are commonly used in industry at present; however, the lime milk method consumes a considerable amount of lime milk. Therefore, considering production maneuverability and cost, the acid-water impregnation method is easier for industrial implementation. Berberine has many functions, including antibacterial effects, anti-inflammatory effects, detoxification, and lowering of blood sugar and blood fat levels. To clarify the hypoglycemic mechanism of berberine, a better understanding of its pharmacological effects is helpful, providing a basis for the rational application of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.