Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40665368›Full record

ArticleJournal of orthopaedic surgery and research2025

Global epidemiological trends and burden of cervical and subcervical spinal cord injuries, 1990-2021: a multidimensional analysis using global burden of disease data.

Wei Liu, Azhati Samuhaer, Kunpeng Lin, Mingchen Li, Chunyu Zang, Hongwei Liu, Haixiu Fan, Ke Shi, Donghai Li

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Wei Liu *Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
Azhati Samuhaer *School of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Kunpeng LinChongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Mingchen LiSchool of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Chunyu ZangSchool of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Hongwei LiuDepartment of Neurology, Taiyuan City Central Hospital, The Ninth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
Haixiu FanDepartment of Sleep Center, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
Ke Shi *Department of Neurology, Xiangshui County People's Hospital, No. 94, Guanhe Middle Road, Xiangshui County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, China. 18234507508@163.com.
Donghai Li *Department of Neurology, Xiangshui County People's Hospital, No. 94, Guanhe Middle Road, Xiangshui County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, China. 18936299800@189.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) and subcervical spinal cord injury (SSCI) cause substantial motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, with traumatic and non-traumatic etiologies. CSCI (C1-C8) and SSCI (T1-L1) impose severe individual and societal burdens. This study assessed global trends in SCI incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021.

methodsData were drawn from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. CSCI and SSCI cases were stratified by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Age-standardized rates (ASR) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated. Future trends (2022-2050) were projected using ARIMA modeling.

resultsOur analysis revealed clear age-related patterns in SCI burden. Both CSCI and SSCI incidence, prevalence, and YLDs increased with advancing age, with CSCI predominantly affecting middle-aged adults and SSCI rising significantly among the elderly. Males consistently showed higher rates of CSCI and SSCI across both injury types, and significant sex-based differences were observed in YLDs. High-SDI regions experienced gradual decreases in ASR for CSCI, while low-SDI regions exhibited rapid increases in YLDs associated with CSCI, indicating a disparity in healthcare resource allocation. The growth rate of CSCI and SSCI burden was notably higher in low and middle-SDI countries, particularly for SSCI.

conclusionAlthough the overall burden of CSCI and SSCI is stabilizing or declining in certain regions, the global YLDs continue to rise, driven by population aging and insufficient healthcare infrastructure in low-SDI regions. CSCI lead to greater disability, and persistent gender and regional disparities highlight the need for targeted, equitable prevention and rehabilitation strategies.

Indexed as

Cervical CordCervical VertebraeGlobal Burden of DiseaseSpinal Cord InjuriesAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildCost of IllnessFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedAge-standardized rateCervical spinal cord injuryGlobal Burden of DiseaseSocio-demographic indexSubcervical spinal cord injuryYears lived with disability

Identifiers

PMID40665368
PMCPMC12261722

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.