ArticleFood science & nutrition2025
The Effect of Theobromine Supplementation on HDL-c Subclasses (HDL-c2, HDL-c3), HDL-c2/HDL-c3 Ratio, and Gene Expression of PPAR-α and Sirt1 in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Article in Food science & nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of theobromine (TB) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) indices and cardiovascular risk factors. However, the findings are controversial. The current study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week intake of pure TB in combination with a low-calorie diet on serum levels of HDL-c2, HDL-c3, the HDL-c2/HDL-c3 ratio, and the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) in overweight and obese adults with MetS. In this randomized clinical trial, 80 participants with MetS were randomly allocated to intake a 450 mg/day TB or placebo in combination with a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric indices, fasting serum levels of HDL-c2 and HDL-c3, the HDL-c2/HDL-c3 ratio, and the gene expression of PPAR-α and Sirt1 were assessed at the start and end of the study. The sample size at completion was
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