ArticleBMJ open2025
Social inequalities in diabetes incidence and quality of care: results from a cohort study in the Lazio region, Italy.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesSocioeconomic disparities in diabetes incidence vary across countries and geographical areas. In addition, once diabetes is diagnosed, further disparities can arise during the whole care process. This study aims to evaluate disparities in incidence and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) testing in Central Italy.
designCohort study.
settingLazio region, Italy.
participantsWe used the Lazio Region Longitudinal Study, which is the 2011 census cohort of all residents followed from January 2012 to December 2022. We selected 2 912 539 diabetes-free individuals aged 35-90 years at baseline (54% women). We used educational attainment as the indicator of socioeconomic position and place of residence and birth citizenship as possible confounders.
main outcome measuresWe identified incident cases of type 2 diabetes from 2012 to 2022 using health databases. We searched for an HbA1c test in the 13 months following case identification. We used Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression models stratified by sex to study disparities in diabetes incidence and HbA1c testing, respectively.
resultsWe identified 192 268 new cases (49% women). We found incidence disparities, with the lowest educational level showing a risk that is twice or more than the highest in men (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.98 to 2.08) and women (HR 2.32, 95% CI 2.26 to 2.39), respectively. Disparities were less pronounced in the older groups. Fewer than 60% of individuals across all educational levels had at least one HbA1c test. Compared with those with university degrees, people with the lowest education showed a higher probability of being tested for HbA1c in men (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.64) and women (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.72).
conclusionsWe found inequalities in diabetes incidence in both sexes, mainly among younger groups. The highly educated were less likely to be tested for HbA1c, although different private sector utilisation could have influenced this result.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.