Demographic disparities in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

This review comprehensively examines the complex influence of demographic factors on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), an increasingly common clinical syndrome. We examine the impact of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on HFpEF, investigating how these factors contribute to disparities in prevalence, risk profiles, diagnostic challenges, treatment responses, and clinical outcomes. Key findings highlight the significant role of age, with HFpEF incidence rising with advancing age advances and distinct pathophysiological mechanisms noted across age groups. Gender disparities are also evident, with women showing a greater predisposition to HFpEF, possibly linked to physiological differences and sex-specific risk factors. The review also addresses racial and ethnic disparities, recognizing the limitations in current data while stressing the need for more inclusive research to comprehend the specific impact of race on HFpEF. Finally, the essential role of socioeconomic factors is examined, illustrating how income and education can affect access to care, treatment adherence, and overall outcomes. Furthermore, we aim to underscore the importance of a holistic approach to HFpEF, recognizing the interplay of demographic factors in shaping disease trajectory and patient experiences. By synthesizing current evidence and identifying key knowledge gaps, we aim to inform future research directions, promote equitable healthcare delivery, and ultimately improve the lives of individuals affected by this complex condition.