ReviewJournal of medical radiation sciences2025
Sonographic Anatomy and Imaging of the Extracranial Component of the Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII).
Review in Journal of medical radiation sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hypoglossal nerve (HN) provides motor innervation to tongue muscles responsible for tongue movement, speech, mastication, swallowing, respiratory functions and management of oral secretions. Injury, compression, entrapment or lesions of the HN at any point along its path can result in HN palsy and subsequent dysphagia, dysarthria and tongue muscular atrophy. A combined imaging approach is required to investigate the HN and causes of HN palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging are used to investigate the intracranial HN and where it emerges in the upper neck. The extracranial HN can be assessed by sonographic imaging along with the muscles directly and indirectly innervated by the HN. Ultrasound imaging can be challenging without an appropriate understanding of the detailed relative anatomy of the HN and the muscles it innervates, the associated sonographic technique and sonographic appearances, all of which are outlined in this paper.
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