Multiple Sclerosis in People of Diverse Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds: Presentation, Disease Course, and Interactions with Disease-Modifying Therapy.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects people of all racial and ethnic backgrounds, with greatest prevalence noted in Black and white individuals living in Europe and North America. Age of MS onset seems to be earlier in Black, Latino/Hispanic, and South Asian people living with MS in North America and the United Kingdom. Additionally, Black and Latino/Hispanic people with MS in the USA are more likely to have severe initial presentations and earlier accumulation of disability compared with white people with MS. Evidence is sparse concerning how efficacy and safety of disease-modifying therapies for MS may vary with race and ethnicity, largely due to underrepresentation of racial and ethnic diversity in clinical trials. Social determinants of health such as sex, income, education, and the built environment interact with race and ethnicity to affect delays in MS diagnosis, use of therapy, and disease outcomes. In general, considering earlier disability progression, barriers to treatment access and adherence, and existing drug efficacy data, there may be even greater reason to consider early high efficacy therapy in underrepresented populations. More research and targeted interventions are needed to improve outcomes for people of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds living with MS.