ArticleDiabetology & metabolic syndrome2025
Integrative biomarker analysis in diabetic foot: lipids, cellular integrity, and hydration balance.
Article in Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrated analysis of neuromuscular dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: associations with digital deformities and clinical risk stratification in a case-control study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Association of high-density lipoprotein-related inflammatory indicators with diabetic foot ulcer in patients with diabetes: a population-based study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), linked to high morbidity and mortality. This study explores biomarkers related to DFU risk and progression to improve management strategies. This study was conducted to identify early biomarkers that could predict DFU risk before ulceration occurs.
methodsA case-control study was conducted with 33 T2DM patients and 37 non-diabetic controls. Bioimpedance-derived metrics—phase angle (PA), extracellular water-to-total body water ratio (AEC/ACT), and extracellular mass-to-body cell mass ratio (ECMe/BCMe)—were analyzed alongside lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL), the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) index, and the triglyceride-glucose index. DFU risk was classified using International Working Group on Diabetic Foot criteria.
resultsLow LDL levels (< 50th percentile) correlated with reduced PA in cases (p < 0.001), indicating impaired cellular function and tissue repair. PA negatively correlated with DFU risk (p = 0.005), supporting its utility as a health marker. HDL positively correlated with AEC/ACT in cases (p = 0.004), suggesting its role in fluid regulation. The CONUT index correlated negatively with total cholesterol (p = 0.007) and LDL (p = 0.004), highlighting malnutrition’s impact on lipid imbalances. Hydric indices increased across DFU risk groups, with AEC/ACT significantly higher in Risk Group 1 versus controls (p = 0.048). ECMe/BCMe correlated positively with AEC/ACT in low LDL cases (p = 0.013), reflecting metabolic stress.
conclusionsLDL and PA are critical biomarkers for DFU risk and progression, offering insights into cellular integrity, tissue repair, and fluid balance. Integrating these biomarkers into clinical practice could optimize DFU management, reduce complications, and improve patient outcomes.
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