ArticleCancer2025
Prostate cancer incidence and outcomes among Vietnam veterans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration.
Article in Cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Identifying and Addressing Barriers to Live Primary Prostate Cancer Cell Research in Veterans.Cancer research communications · 2026Pooled it
- Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Patterns and Metastatic Prostate Cancer in US Veterans.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Chronic military stress and glandular epithelial tumor biology: an integrative neuroendocrine-inflammatory framework with insights from microgravity gene discovery.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Ambient aromatic hydrocarbons and prostate cancer: mechanistic evidence linking benzene and PAH exposure to tumor progression.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Persistent organic pollutants and prostate cancer: multiple mechanisms and comprehensive control strategies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Prostate cancer incidence and outcomes among Vietnam veterans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration.Cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAgent Orange exposure (AOE) is considered a presumptive cause of prostate cancer (PCa) in the Veterans Affairs (VA) population; however, cohort studies reported inconsistent associations of AOE and PCa incidence and outcomes. In this nationwide cohort study, Vietnam veterans who received VA care were evaluated for associations of AOE and PCa incidence and adverse outcomes.
methodsVietnam veterans 17-25 years old during military service (1962-1971) who received VA health care between 2005 and 2020 were stratified by presumptive AOE assigned by the VA and followed until death from any cause or censoring on September 31, 2023. Multivariable Cox models permitted estimation of adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of AOE with PCa incidence, de novo metastasis (DNM), any metastasis, metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC), all-cause mortality (ACM), or PCa-specific mortality (PCSM).
resultsAmong 2.6 million Vietnam veterans at risk for PCa, 779,472 (30%) had AOE. Compared to unexposed veterans, AOE veterans had higher PCa risk (aHR, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.16), higher DNM (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.16-1.17), any metastasis (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.16-1.17), mCRPC (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.16-1.17), ACM (aHR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.41-1.42), and PCSM (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.16-1.17) in adjusted models. Sensitivity analyses suggested robustness of association between AOE and all-cause mortality, but selection bias could explain associations with PCa outcomes.
conclusionsPresumptive AOE was associated with higher PCa incidence, mortality, and adverse outcomes. Although associations may not be causal, AOE may predict worse PCa outcomes in the Veterans Affairs.
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