ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Europe2025
Association between income, employment status, and asthma outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in The Lancet regional health. Europe, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of Health Insurance Type on Access to Biologics and Systemic Corticosteroid Exposure in Patients With Severe Asthma: A Real-World Study From the Korean Severe Asthma Registry (KoSAR).Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2026Article
- BetaFrontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Health inequalities are deeply entrenched in society, and finding ways to reduce these, therefore, represents a major health policy challenge. Focusing on the two highest weighted Index of Multiple Deprivation domains, namely income and employment, we sought to synthesise the evidence on the association between these major determinants of socioeconomic status and asthma outcomes. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched key concepts related to employment, income, and asthma outcomes using Medline and Embase for studies published between January 1, 2010 and April 3, 2025. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were in English and described an association between income and/or employment and asthma outcomes, including exacerbations, hospital admissions and mortality, in people with asthma. Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies-of Exposures (ROBINS-E), Risk of Bias (RoB) and adapted RoB tools were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Using the restricted maximum likelihood method, we meta-analysed the rate of exacerbations and explored heterogeneity between age-related population groups: children (under 18 years) and adults (18 years and older). This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42024527300. Findings: We identified 4153 potentially eligible studies, of which 3141 were screened. 30 studies met the inclusion criteria, with most having a low risk of bias. 19 studies reported income as the exposure and exacerbation as the outcome, of which ten were included in the meta-analysis. People in the lowest income group were more likely to experience an asthma exacerbation than those in the highest income group: OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.13-1.37 overall and when stratified by age: children (1.36 [1.23-1.50]) and adults (1.19 [1.05-1.33]). Only three studies investigated the role of unemployment and were narratively synthesised. While unemployment was associated with increased emergency care visits, its role in predicting exacerbations was less clear. Interpretation: There is a need for upstream interventions aiming to reduce income inequalities and to investigate their impact on reducing asthma inequalities. Funding: Health Data Research UK, Inflammation and Immunity Driver Programme.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.