ArticleAllergy2025
Epithelial Lining Fluid Cystatin SN is a Noninvasive Biomarker for Predicting Type 2 Chronic Rhinosinusitis.
Article in Allergy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Population-Scale Plasma Proteomics Reveals Systemic Inflammatory Signatures Associated With Chronic Rhinosinusitis.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- The Application of Single-cell RNA Sequencing Technology in the Research of Sino-Nasal Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Immune-inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: from epithelial alarmins to personalized therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Phosphoproteomic analysis in a mouse model reveals ERK signaling as a key modulator of inflammatory response in nasal mucosa associated with childhood allergic rhinitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Adverse event reports of seizure for insomnia medication from 1967 to 2023.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs treatment responses differ according to the inflammatory endotype of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), identifying the endotype could facilitate personalized treatment. We aimed to identify a noninvasive epithelial lining fluid (ELF) biomarker for the type 2 (T2) endotype of CRS.
methodsNasal tissue and ELF samples were obtained from patients with CRS and control individuals. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were analyzed. The expression of inflammatory mediators was measured using Luminex multiplex assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
resultsAnalysis of the scRNA-seq data revealed that CST1 was exclusively expressed in epithelial cells of T2 CRS, but not in those of non-T2 CRS, and this was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Cystatin SN expression was detected in ELF, and its levels were significantly higher in T2 CRS than in non-T2 CRS and controls. The expression level of cystatin SN in the ELF was positively correlated with the Lund-Mackay CT, SNOT-22, and JESREC scores, whereas it was inversely correlated with olfactory function. Furthermore, ELF cystatin SN levels correlated with the tissue/blood eosinophil count and nasal tissue expression of T2 inflammatory mediators, indicating that ELF cystatin SN is a reliable marker of nasal T2 inflammation. In the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis evaluating the predictive efficacy for T2 CRS, the AUC for ELF cystatin SN was 0.894 (0.936 in the validation cohort), which was higher than that of other markers, including blood eosinophil count, serum total IgE level, and the JESREC score. With a cut-off value of 112.5 ng/mg, ELF cystatin SN yielded a 75.0% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity.
conclusionsELF cystatin SN is a clinically feasible, noninvasive biomarker with superior accuracy for predicting T2 CRS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.