ArticleFood science & nutrition2025
The Association between Ultra-Processed Foods and Depression, Anxiety and Sleep in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.
Article in Food science & nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Mental Health and Sleep Quality in Turkish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with cognitive status in elderly patients.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota and Autism: Unlocking Connections.Nutrients · 2025Review
- The Association between Ultra-Processed Foods and Depression, Anxiety and Sleep in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has raised concerns about their impact on human health, yet their relationship with mental health remains debated. This study aimed to investigate the association between UPF intake and sleep adequacy, as well as the severity of anxiety and depression in Iranian adults. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 5476 adults aged 35-65 years from the MASHAD study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and UPFs were classified based on the NOVA system. Depression and anxiety severity were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. Sleep adequacy was defined as more than seven 7 h of sleep per night, based on self-reported data. Higher UPF consumption was linked to increased odds of severe depression (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01-1.54), but this association lost statistical significance after full adjustment (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.99-1.57). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant association in females, where high UPF intake was associated with a 44% higher risk of severe depression (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.09-1.90,
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Registered trials
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