Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40693205›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2025

The human milk bacteriome and mycobiome and their inter-kingdom interactions viewed across geography.

Haipeng Sun, Brett Finlay, Meghan B Azad, Christina A Cuomo, Leah E Cowen, Brittany Berdy, Jonathan Livny, Terrance Shea, Edna E Aquino, Filipa Godoy-Vitorino and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Haipeng SunDepartment of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
Brett FinlayDepartment of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Meghan B AzadHumans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Christina A CuomoInfectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Leah E CowenFungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Brittany BerdyInfectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Jonathan LivnyInfectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Terrance SheaInfectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Edna E AquinoDepartment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Filipa Godoy-VitorinoDepartment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Melissa A WoortmanDepartment of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
Margot ShumakerDepartment of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
Claudio AlbaDepartment of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Juan M RodríguezDepartment of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
María G Domínguez-BelloDepartment of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The human milk microbiota is one of the biologically active components of human milk, and factors affecting it and the effect size are not well understood. Assessments of human milk microbiota have mainly been done in small cohorts and/or in single geographical locations, and most have been restricted to the bacteriome. Here we assessed the bacterial, archaeal and fungal composition of human milk and the potential inter-kingdom interactions in milk collected from women living in a wide spectrum of countries, environments, and socio-economical settings. Materials and methods: About 518 human milk samples were collected in 16 countries. After DNA extraction, bacterial and fungal metataxonomic analyses were performed via amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA and the ITS2 genes, respectively. In parallel, the presence of methanogenic archaea was determined by qPCR. Results: Bacterial analysis revealed significant Country variations in human milk microbiota diversity and taxa distribution. Core genera such as Conclusion: This study shows substantial global variation in the human milk microbiome with bacterial-fungal interactions, highlighting the importance of global-scale studies to understand the human microbiome and its role in maternal and infant health.

Indexed as

bacteriomeglobalhuman milkmicrobiomemycobiome

Identifiers

PMID40693205
PMCPMC12277152

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.