Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40703047›Full record

ArticleAging cell2025

Pre-Vaccination Immunotypes and Immune Entropy Are Indicators of Multiple Vaccine Responsiveness.

Alper Cevirgel, Marieke van der Heiden, Sudarshan A Shetty, Markus Viljanen, Martijn Vos, Elske Bijvank, Yannick van Sleen, Celine Imhof, Joeri A J Rolwes, Leonard Daniël Samson and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Aging cell, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Renaissance of antiviral CD8Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Alper CevirgelCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6123-9830
Marieke van der HeidenDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Sudarshan A ShettyCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Markus ViljanenInformation Provision Organization, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-7909-5820
Martijn VosCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Elske BijvankCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Yannick van SleenDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Celine ImhofDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Joeri A J RolwesDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Leonard Daniël SamsonCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Lisa BeckersCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Nynke RotsCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Josine van BeekCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Anne-Marie BuismanCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Debbie van BaarleCenter for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.

Funding

Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking 806776Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune aging is associated with decreased vaccine responses, but biomarkers for vaccine responsiveness remain unidentified. We analyzed immunotypes describing pre-vaccination immune cell profiles and their associations with triple vaccine responsiveness to influenza, pneumococcal, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in adults aged 25-78 years. Additionally, we developed an innovative measure, immune entropy, to quantify cumulative perturbations in the immune cell subset network. Specific immunotypes were associated with either weak or robust triple vaccine responsiveness. In addition, immune entropy was inversely related to vaccine responsiveness regardless of age. In a validation cohort of older adults, higher immune entropy was also associated with a lower antibody response to the BNT162b2 vaccine. A separate cohort of kidney transplant recipients, typically exhibiting diminished vaccine responses, demonstrated significantly increased immune entropy compared to healthy counterparts. Our findings suggest immunotypes and immune entropy as potential indicators to identify individuals at risk for suboptimal vaccine responses, potentially guiding personalized vaccination strategies.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesAdultAgedBNT162 VaccineEntropyFemaleHumansInfluenza VaccinesMaleMiddle AgedPneumococcal VaccinesSARS-CoV-2VaccinationBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19 VaccinesInfluenza VaccinesPneumococcal Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID40703047
PMCPMC12419863

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.