Evidence mapPaperPMID 40707821Full record

ReviewCurrent obesity reports2025

Obesity and the Gut-Brain Axis in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Terra Incognita?

Georgia Argyrakopoulou, Evdoxia Gitsi, Maria Dalamaga, Alexander Kokkinos

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Current obesity reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Georgia ArgyrakopoulouDiabetes and Obesity Unit, Athens Medical Center, Athens, 15125, Greece.
Evdoxia GitsiDiabetes and Obesity Unit, Athens Medical Center, Athens, 15125, Greece.
Maria DalamagaDepartment of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.
Alexander KokkinosFirst Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece. akokkinos@med.uoa.gr.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewThe increasing prevalence of obesity among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) presents a significant clinical challenge, as it exacerbates insulin resistance, impairs glycemic control, and increases cardiometabolic risk. While obesity in T1DM is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, recent evidence highlights the role of the gut-brain axis in metabolic regulation. This review explores the complex relationship between obesity and T1DM, the role of the gut-brain axis in metabolic dysregulation, and current weight management strategies, highlighting the need for further research to optimize treatment outcomes in this unique patient population. RECENT

findingsKey gastrointestinal hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and amylin, play essential roles in appetite control, energy balance, and glucose metabolism, yet their dysregulation in T1DM remains poorly understood. Addressing obesity requires a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy with GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and bariatric surgery (BS). Although limited, accumulating evidence regarding the use of liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide in T1DM begin to highlight the safety and effectiveness of these molecules in this subset of patients as well. Lifestyle modifications, GLP-1 RAs based pharmacotherapy and BS have emerged as potential strategies to address obesity in patients with T1DM. Initial findings point to potential improvements in both metabolic health and glycemic control, but further exploration of their role in the co-occurrence of obesity and T1DM remains limited. Ongoing research is crucial to better understand how the gut-brain axis influences weight regulation in T1DM and to determine the sustained benefits and risks of these emerging therapies.

Indexed as

BrainBrain-Gut AxisDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1ObesityBariatric SurgeryGastrointestinal HormonesGlucagon-Like Peptide 1HumansInsulin ResistanceGastrointestinal HormonesGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Bariatric surgeryGLP-1Glucagon-like peptide-1Gut-brain axisInsulin resistanceObesityT1DMType 1 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID40707821
PMCPMC12289725

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.