ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
Nanomedicine-Based Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rebuilding Ocular Surface Lubrication with a Light-Triggered Hydration-Lubricating Nanoplatform for Dry Eye Disease Therapy.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- An Aggregation-Induced Polymerization Poly(Disulfide)-Drug Nanoplatform for Autoimmune Uveitis Therapy via Inhibiting the cGAS-STING Pathway.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Punctal and Intracanalicular Drug Delivery Systems for Ophthalmic Use: A Narrative Review of Technologies, Clinical Outcomes, and Critical Quality Attributes.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Epigenetic-Mitochondrial-Metabolic Crosstalk in Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Dysfunction in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Beneficial Effects of Natural Bioactive Compounds on Eye Health: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Nanocarrier-Based Ocular Drug Delivery Systems for Retinal Diseases: Therapeutic Potential.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Liposome-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanisms, Preparation Strategies, Clinical Status, and Therapeutic Applications.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Engineering Strategies of Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, a Rising Star in Ocular Neovascular Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Natural Products Targeting Immune Mechanisms in Ocular Inflammation: Uveitis and Dry Eye.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Checkpoint inhibition and beyond: Precision immune engineering for the immune-privileged landscape of ocular malignancies.BioImpacts : BI · 2026Review
- Innovative Applications of Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ocular Diseases: Targeted Delivery, Intelligent Therapy, Diagnostic Breakthroughs, and Synergistic Strategies with Stem Cells and Biomaterials.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanomedicine: Monitoring and Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment for Precision Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Molecular and Histological Characterization of a Novel Hydrogel-Based Strategy for Inducing Experimental Glaucoma in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- An Update on Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Management of Glaucoma.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ocular diseases affect over 2.2 billion people globally, imposing a significant socioeconomic burden, with annual productivity losses estimated at US$411 billion. Conventional drug delivery methods-topical, local injection, and systemic administration-face challenges such as low bioavailability (<5%), rapid clearance, and physiological barriers like the cornea and blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Nanomedicine offers promising solutions by enhancing drug bioavailability, prolonging release, and enabling targeted delivery. This review explores nanomedicine-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems, including organic nanomaterials (eg, liposomes, polymer micelles, dendrimers), inorganic nanomaterials (eg, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots), and biological components (eg, exosomes). These systems improve drug penetration, reduce administration frequency, and minimize toxicity, addressing conditions like dry eye disease, keratitis, glaucoma, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vascular occlusion (RVO). For instance, Ocular Therapeutix (OTX)-TP, a sustained-release intracanalicular implant combining poly (ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel with travoprost-loaded poly (lactic acid) microspheres, has shown therapeutic efficacy lasting up to three months in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Phase III clinical trial. Additionally, a liposomal formulation of verteporfin, approved for the treatment of neovascular AMD, administered intravenously and activated by laser photodynamic therapy, demonstrates a durable response, with a marked reduction in treatment frequency from an average of 3.5 sessions in the first year to only 0.1 by the fifth year post-diagnosis. Despite these advantages, challenges such as manufacturing costs, potential toxicity, and limited clinical translation persist. Future advancements in nanomedicine hold potential for personalized, non-invasive ocular therapies, revolutionizing ophthalmology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.