SynthesisInternational journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics2026
Effects of maternal education on maternal and perinatal outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 356 402 pregnancies.
Synthesis in International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk and Protective Factors Associated With HIV-Related Mortality in Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: A Model-Based Meta-Regression.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of maternal education on maternal and perinatal outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 356 402 pregnancies.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Pooled it
- Fostering the inclusion of teen fathers in adolescent health interventions: a call for structured and gender-inclusive programming.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Article
- Development of Novel Predictive Scores for Obstetrical Risk Stratification in Adolescent Pregnancies: A Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Positive Mental Health, Anxiety and Prenatal Bonding: A Contextual Approach.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal and perinatal mortality remain critical indicators of global health inequity. In 2020, an estimated 287 000 women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy, and in 2021, approximately 2.3 million neonatal deaths occurred within the first 28 days of life. A recently defined risk group, small vulnerable newborns (SVNs, including preterm, low birth weight, and small-for-gestational-age infants), highlights the compounded vulnerability of certain newborns. Maternal education is a key social determinant of health, yet its effect on maternal and perinatal outcomes across global settings remains insufficiently quantified.
aimsThe primary aim of this study was to quantify the association between maternal education level and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The secondary aim was to evaluate whether these associations vary by country income level.
methodsWe conducted an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from the International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications (IPPIC) Network. Eligible studies included those reporting maternal and perinatal outcomes stratified by at least two levels of maternal education (informal/primary, secondary, tertiary). Primary outcomes were maternal mortality, preeclampsia, stillbirth, and SVNs. Associations were estimated using a two-step random-effects IPD meta-analysis adjusted for maternal age and ethnicity. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.
resultsCompared to tertiary education, women with secondary education had a 27% higher risk of maternal death (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.38; 4.30), and those with informal or primary education had approximately double the risk (OR 2.51, 95% CI 0.23; 26.95). Risk of stillbirth was also twofold higher in lower education groups. These association remained significant in analyses restricted to high-income countries. DISCUSSION: Women with lower levels of education are at substantially greater risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. These findings reinforce the need for education-focused policy and health system strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality, particularly in settings with high educational inequality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.