ArticleSleep2025
Unsupervised machine learning in sleep research: a scoping review.
Article in Sleep, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Precision sleep signatures to predict mental health outcomes in youth.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Review
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesUnsupervised machine learning-an approach that identifies patterns and structures within data without relying on labels-has demonstrated remarkable success in various domains of sleep research. This underscores the broader utility of machine learning, suggesting that its capabilities extend beyond current applications and warrant further exploration for novel insights in sleep studies, focusing specifically on unsupervised machine learning.
methodsThis paper outlines a scoping review conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews. A comprehensive search covering various search terms focusing on the intersection between unsupervised machine learning and sleep led to 3960 publications. After screening all titles and abstracts with two independent reviewers, ultimately, 356 publications were included in the full-text review. The data extracted from the full texts included information about the machine learning methods and types of sleep data, as well as the study population.
resultsThere has been a steep increase in the number of publications in this research area in the past 10 years. Clustering is the most commonly used method, but other methods are gaining popularity. Apart from classical polysomnography, data from wearable devices, nearables, video, audio, and medical imaging techniques have been used as input to unsupervised machine learning. The broad search allowed us to explore various applications within sleep research, ranging from the general population to populations with various sleep disorders.
conclusionThe review mapped existing research on unsupervised learning in sleep research, identified gaps in the literature, and derived directions for future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.