Evidence mapPaperPMID 40722684Full record

ReviewBiomedicines2025

GLP-1 and Its Role in Glycogen Production: A Narrative Review.

Joseph Lotosky, Xavier Jean, Anungoo Altankhuyag, Saqib Khan, Ashley Bernotas, Alireza Sharafshah, Kenneth Blum, Alan Posner, Panayotis K Thanos

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Biomedicines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Metabolites · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Joseph LotoskyBehavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14068, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-6356-6648
Xavier JeanDepartment of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14068, USA.
Anungoo AltankhuyagBehavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14068, USA.
Saqib KhanBehavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14068, USA.
Ashley BernotasKaleida Health Weight Management Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-3290-827X
Alireza SharafshahCellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4144666949, Iran.
Kenneth BlumDivision of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6727-803X
Alan PosnerDepartment of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14068, USA.
Panayotis K ThanosBehavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14068, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has emerged as a pivotal regulator in the management of glucose homeostasis, glycogen metabolism, and energy balance, positioning it as a critical therapeutic target for addressing obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have shown promise for improving glycemic control and reducing weight through appetite regulation, delayed gastric emptying, and energy expenditure modulation. This narrative review explores the mechanisms of GLP-1-mediated glycogen metabolism and energy expenditure, particularly in key tissues-pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. In the pancreas, GLP-1 enhances insulin secretion and beta-cell function. In the liver, it promotes glycogen synthesis via insulin-dependent and potential insulin-independent pathways, involving protein kinase B (AKT) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Skeletal muscle benefits from GLP-1 through increased glucose uptake, AMPK activation, and mitochondrial function, facilitating glycogen storage. In adipose tissue, GLP-1 stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and energy expenditure, contributing to weight loss. This increase in energy expenditure, along with enhanced glycogen metabolism, is a plausible mechanism for the weight loss observed with GLP-1RAs. Despite these advances, significant knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding the direct hepatic effects of GLP-1, the extent to which it modulates glycogen metabolism in vivo, and its impact on thermogenesis in humans. Future research focusing on both the tissue-specific actions of GLP-1 and its systemic role in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation will be essential for optimizing its therapeutic potential.

Indexed as

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA)glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R)glycogenglycogenesismetabolismthermogenesis

Identifiers

PMID40722684
PMCPMC12292085

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.