Observational studyBiomolecules2025
Inflammatory Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Index (IDREI) as a Molecular Compound Biomarker in Focal Epilepsies.
Observational study in Biomolecules, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07716930 (Retina-Based Biomarkers in Epilepsy), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Retina-Based Biomarkers in Epilepsy: Structural and Microvascular OCT Changes and Inflammatory Markers (sCD14, sCD163, CCL2, IL-1β) in Relation to Pathophysiology, Phenotype, Prognosis, and Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE)
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- The Changing Paradigm of Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy: A Bibliometric Analysis from Microglial Activation to Gut-Brain Axis.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Elucidating the putative role of cannabigerol: a hypothesis-generating review of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms with implications for drug-resistant epilepsy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is growing evidence that neuroinflammation is involved in epileptogenesis. Identifying its biomarkers can be important for distinguishing epilepsy patients from healthy individuals and differentiating well-controlled epilepsy from drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).
methodsAn observational case-control study at Malaga's Regional University Hospital involved epilepsy patients divided into three groups: healthy controls (HC), seizure-free epilepsy (SFE), and DRE. Demographic and clinical data and plasmatic and/or CSF levels of 24 different inflammation-related molecules were collected for each patient and were analyzed through univariate and multivariate analysis.
resultsThe study included 68 patients: 38 in the DRE group, 14 in the SFE group, and 16 in the HC group. A new Inflammatory Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Index (IDREI) was created using key variables with significant or trending significance. This index combined pro-inflammatory mediators (ICAM-1 and NfL) and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10 and IL-4), showing statistical significance (
conclusionsThe IDREI molecular index shows promise in predicting epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Additional prospective studies are required to assess its clinical utility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.