ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Global Burden, Trends, and Inequalities of
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Burden of Clostridioides difficile infection in China, 1990-2021: an analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes of toxin-positive versus toxin-negative/NAAT-positive Clostridioides difficile infection in South Korea: a single-center retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Estimating the global burden of diarrhea among young children with wasting and stunting and its projection to 2050: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background
methodsWe conducted a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 data for 204 countries and territories. CDI-related mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression assessed the trends, a decomposition analysis identified the contributing factors, and cross-country inequalities were measured with slope and concentration indices. A log-linear age-period-cohort model projected future burden to 2040.
resultsGlobal CDI-related deaths increased from 3047 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2550-3609) in 1990 to 15,598 (95% UI, 13,418-18,222) in 2021. The age-standardized mortality rate rose from 0.10 to 0.19/100,000 population (average annual percent change [AAPC], 2.26%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.77-2.76%), and the age-standardized DALY rate increased from 1.83 to 3.46/100,000 (AAPC, 1.94%; 95% CI, 1.43-2.45%). Epidemiological changes were the primary driver of this burden, contributing 45.46%. Inequalities were intensified, particularly in high sociodemographic index countries, evidenced by increases in the slope index from 2.00 to 4.17 and concentration index from 0.52 to 0.69. The projections suggest that mortality and DALY rates among populations aged ≥80 years will continue to rise through 2040.
conclusionsThe global CDI burden has increased significantly over three decades, disproportionately affecting high sociodemographic index countries. The projected rise in CDI burden among older adults through 2040 underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions and strategic planning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.