Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40733010›Full record

Trial reportNutrients2025

Effects of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Hormones: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.

Matthew J Breit, Ann E Caldwell, Danielle M Ostendorf, Zhaoxing Pan, Seth A Creasy, Bryan Swanson, Kevin Clark, Emily B Hill, Paul S MacLean, Daniel H Bessesen and 2 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Matthew J BreitDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-9754-4417
Ann E CaldwellDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Danielle M OstendorfDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Zhaoxing PanDepartment of Biostatistics & Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Seth A CreasyDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4176-0917
Bryan SwansonSchool of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Kevin ClarkAnschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Emily B HillAnschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0308-5666
Paul S MacLeanDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Daniel H BessesenDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Edward L MelansonDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9151-9745
Victoria A CatenacciDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

Funding

PILOT STUDY--SUBSTRATE METABOLISM IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTSP30DK048520 · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · 1995 to 2025
$7.7M
Training the Next Generation of Innovative and Collaborative Patient-Oriented Researchers to Reduce Obesity and Improve Cardiometabolic HealthK24HL169755 · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · 2025 to 2025
$126k
NHLBI NIH HHS K01 HL143039NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL169755NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK048520NIH HHS R01 DK111622, P30 DK048520, UL1 TR002535
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesDaily caloric restriction (DCR) is a common dietary weight loss strategy, but leads to metabolic and behavioral adaptations, including maladaptive eating behaviors and dysregulated appetite. Intermittent fasting (IMF) may mitigate these effects by offering diet flexibility during energy restriction. This secondary analysis compared changes in eating behaviors and appetite-related hormones between 4:3 intermittent fasting (4:3 IMF) and DCR and examined their association with weight loss over 12 months.

methodsAdults with overweight or obesity were randomized to 4:3 IMF or DCR for 12 months. Both randomized groups received a matched targeted weekly dietary energy deficit (34%), comprehensive group-based behavioral support, and a prescription to increase moderate-intensity aerobic activity to 300 min/week. Eating behaviors were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline and months 3, 6, and 12. Fasting levels of leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and adiponectin were measured at baseline and months 6 and 12. Linear mixed models and Pearson correlations were used to evaluate outcomes.

resultsIncluded in this analysis were 165 adults (mean ± SD; age 42 ± 9 years, BMI 34.2 ± 4.3 kg/m

conclusionsCompared to DCR, 4:3 IMF exhibited improved binge eating and uncontrolled eating behaviors at 12 months. This may, in part, explain the greater weight loss achieved by 4:3 IMF versus DCR. Future studies should examine mechanisms underlying eating behavior changes with 4:3 IMF and their long-term sustainability.

Indexed as

AppetiteFastingFeeding BehaviorObesityOverweightWeight Reduction ProgramsAdiponectinAdultBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorCaloric RestrictionExerciseFemaleGhrelinHumansIntermittent FastingLeptinAdiponectinBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorGhrelinLeptinPeptide YYappetite regulationbehavioral interventionbinge eatingcaloric restrictionuncontrolled eating

Identifiers

PMID40733010
PMCPMC12298406

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.