Observational studyViruses2025
Serum sICAM-1 and Galectin-3 Levels in Diabetic Patients with COVID-19.
Observational study in Viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Galectins: Role and Therapeutics in Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Ulcers.Biomolecules · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThis study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and galectin-3 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PARTICIPANTS AND
methodThis prospective observational study included 45 adult patients (≥18 years) with T2D and confirmed COVID-19 who were followed in the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology departments between May and June 2022. The control group consisted of 45 healthy volunteers without chronic illness who were presented to the internal medicine outpatient clinic. In addition to routine laboratory biomarkers assessed at hospital admission, the serum levels of sICAM-1 and galectin-3 were measured via ELISA kits.
resultsThe median age of the patients was 66 years (range: 41-77), and 23 (51.1%) were male. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity in addition to diabetes. Compared with those in the control group, the serum levels of both galectin-3 and sICAM-1 were significantly elevated in patients with COVID-19 and T2D (
conclusionGalectin-3 and sICAM-1 demonstrated stronger diagnostic utility than conventional biomarkers in T2D patients with COVID-19. The elevated levels of these markers may reflect the underlying systemic inflammation observed in diabetic patients with COVID-19. The strong correlation between galectin-3 and sICAM-1 suggests a potential link in their inflammatory regulation, although causality cannot be inferred.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.