Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40733676›Full record

ArticleVaccines2025

Exploring Vaccine Hesitancy, Structural Barriers, and Trust in Vaccine Information Among Populations Living in the Rural Southern United States.

Alice R Richman, Abby J Schwartz, Sarah B Maness, Leslie Sanchez, Essie Torres

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Alice R RichmanDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
Abby J SchwartzSchool of Social Work, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 114 Rivers, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7012-7451
Sarah B ManessDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0757-7972
Leslie SanchezDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
Essie TorresOffice of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 312 South Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Funding

Merck Investigator Studies Program MISP 100932
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionIn the United States, vaccine hesitancy is higher among rural and racially and ethnically diverse communities, and messaging from trusted individuals may increase vaccine acceptance. The purpose of this study is to understand vaccine hesitancy, messaging from trusted individuals, and vaccine acceptance strategies among racially and ethnically diverse, medically underserved rural populations.

methodsThe researchers conducted 12 in-person focus groups, each consisting of 5 to 12 participants, with community members and trusted leaders from three rural counties in Eastern North Carolina (

resultsThe researchers identified seven key themes within the primary focus areas of the study: factors influencing vaccine hesitancy, messaging from trusted individuals, and strategies to improve vaccine acceptance. Participants reported differences in trust based on how long a vaccine has been available, concerns about becoming sick after a vaccine, seeing the symptoms of vaccine-preventable diseases, and misinformation on social media. Overall, participants reported trust in messages from medical providers. Trusted leaders advised people to conduct their own research on vaccines when determining whether to receive vaccinations. Lastly, social determinants such as cost, education, and transportation were identified as key barriers to vaccination.

conclusionsOur findings indicate that medical providers are trusted messengers for vaccine information and the promotion of vaccine uptake. However, distrust linked to fear, misinformation, and structural barriers persist. Public health efforts to increase vaccination confidence among rural, racially and ethnically diverse populations in the United States Southeast should address these factors in future vaccine interventions and educational efforts.

Indexed as

rural healthvaccine equityvaccine hesitancyvaccine information

Identifiers

PMID40733676
PMCPMC12300449

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.