Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40746358›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2025

Intelligence and language outcomes in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed, uninfected: the role of sex, perinatal risk factors, and socioeconomic status.

Leila Kahnami, Mary Lou Smith, Ari Bitnun, Jason Brophy, John G Sled, Elka Miller, Jennifer Bowes, Mariève Hurtubise, Lena Serghides, Julia M Young

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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Leila KahnamiDepartment of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Mary Lou SmithDepartment of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ari BitnunDivision of Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Jason BrophyDivision of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
John G SledTranslational Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Elka MillerDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Jennifer BowesDivision of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Mariève HurtubiseDivision of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Lena SerghidesToronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Julia M YoungDepartment of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Most studies report on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first 2 years of life, with limited data available for school-aged CHEU. This interim study examined the intellectual and language outcomes in school-aged CHEU compared to children who are HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU). Setting: CHEU and CHUU aged 6-10 years recruited at two sites in Ontario, Canada. Methods: Intellectual and language abilities were measured using the WISC-V and CELF-5. Generalized linear models investigated associations of HEU-status with each neurodevelopmental outcome. An interaction term with sex was included to assess sex-specific effects. Gestational age, being small for gestational age (SGA), and household income were investigated as covariates. Results: 65 CHEU (35 female, median age 9.00 years) and 42 CHUU (18 female, 8.96 years) were included. HEU-status was associated with significantly lower working memory and expressive language scores. In males, HEU-status was associated with lower scores on working memory, processing speed, overall intelligence, core, and expressive language abilities. No significant differences were observed in females by HEU-status. Household income was associated with all measures of intelligence and language. Lower working memory scores persisted in male CHEU after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Male CHEU and those with lower household income were the most vulnerable to cognitive and language deficits. Working memory deficits in CHEU indicates a specific cognitive vulnerability due to HEU exposure status. Our findings highlight the need for early interventions, including ensuring financial security and close neuropsychological follow-up.

Indexed as

developmental trajectoryHIV-exposed uninfectedintellectual abilitieslanguage abilitiesneurodevelopmentworking memory

Identifiers

PMID40746358
PMCPMC12310716

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.