ArticlePeerJ2025
Biological maturation determines the beneficial effects of high-intensity functional training on cardiorespiratory fitness in male adolescents.
Article in PeerJ, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploratory Analysis of Dental Age Differences in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Using the Demirjian Method.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Inflammation, Autonomic Control, and Adiposity in Adolescents: Links to Early Cardiovascular Risk.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: During adolescence, between 15-18 years of age, biological maturation is associated with changes in body composition, blood pressure (BP), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Also, environmental factors may influence the trajectory of these changes. The rising prevalence of physical inactivity calls for the identification of effective exercise modalities to mitigate adverse health outcomes in youth. Although high-intensity training regimens are increasingly recognized for their benefits in school settings, the specific role of biological maturation in determining adolescent responses to such intervention in health outcomes remains insufficiently understood. Aim: This quasi-experimental study investigated the effects of chronological age (CA) and maturity offset (MO), defined as the time before/after peak height velocity, on changes in body fat (BF), BP, and CRF induced by high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and assessed the contribution of MO on these outcomes. Methods: The sample consisted of 116 males, grouped by CA years (y) (15y [ Results: MO contributed to the studied model more than CA (Wilk's Λ = 0.49, η Conclusion: Biological maturation plays a more important role than CA in determining HIFT-induced improvements in CRF among male adolescents: those who matured earliest exhibited the greatest gains, whereas changes in BP and BF were not significantly related to either factor. Tailoring HIFT-based interventions can be achieved by adjusting intensity, progression, and load according to each one maturity level, ensuring more developmentally appropriate exercise programs. Future research should investigate the feasibility of these maturity-focused strategies in broader adolescent populations, thereby informing larger-scale interventions and maximizing long-term health benefits.
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Registered trials
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