Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40748474›Full record

ReviewNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026

Alzheimer's disease: unraveling role of xanthone derivatives and nanocarriers.

Intan Nurul Annisha Suhaili, Hui Yin Yow, Siau Hui Mah, Hasniza Zaman Huri, Sui Ling Janet Tan

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Intan Nurul Annisha SuhailiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.ORCID 0009-0002-3897-7813
Hui Yin YowDepartment of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-9455-0817
Siau Hui MahSchool of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0003-0370-4866
Hasniza Zaman HuriDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-6423-8515
Sui Ling Janet TanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. janet.tan@um.edu.my.ORCID 0000-0001-5317-466X

Funding

Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS 2024-1) FP010-2024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and neuronal loss. Xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds, have shown potential neuroprotective effects in AD due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. However, their therapeutic use is limited by low bioavailability and restricted blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. This review highlights the novelty of bridging the therapeutic findings of xanthone derivatives with brain-targeted nano-based delivery systems, while identifying gaps for pre-clinical development. A literature review was conducted focusing on the pathophysiology of AD, current therapeutic strategies, the pharmacological properties of xanthone derivatives and recent advancements in nano-based drug delivery systems for xanthone delivery to the brain. The literature search was performed across the PubMed database to identify relevant articles published until January 2025. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that xanthone derivatives possess multiple neuroprotective properties that can weaken the AD pathophysiology. These compounds can reduce oxidative stress, suppress neuroinflammatory responses, and improve neurotransmission. Besides improving the solubility, recent nanoformulations of α-mangostin, particularly polymer nanoparticles, have demonstrated the potential to overcome the BBB through the enhancement of low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in microglia. Animal studies show improved cognitive outcomes and neuroprotection when xanthones are delivered via nanocarriers, highlighting their disease-modifying potential. Xanthone-loaded nanocarriers represent a promising disease-modifying strategy for AD as they enhance bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Future validation of nanoformulations through clinical trials and development of multi-targeted approaches paves the way for innovative and patient-centered neurotherapies, holding significant promise for AD treatment.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseNanoparticlesNeuroprotective AgentsXanthonesAnimalsBlood-Brain BarrierBrainDrug CarriersDrug Delivery SystemsHumansDrug CarriersNeuroprotective AgentsXanthonesAcetylcholinesterase (AChE)Alzheimer’s diseaseNanocarriersNeuroprotectiveXanthone

Identifiers

PMID40748474
PMCPMC12894172

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.