ArticleJMIR human factors2025
Acceptability and Usability of a Socially Assistive Robot Integrated With a Large Language Model for Enhanced Human-Robot Interaction in a Geriatric Care Institution: Mixed Methods Evaluation.
Article in JMIR human factors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05089799 (" Socially Pertinent Robot in Gerontological Healthcare "), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
" Socially Pertinent Robot in Gerontological Healthcare "
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seeking the right match: a hermeneutic phenomenological study of how older adults negotiate anthropomorphic perceptions, role identity and functional needs in elderly care robots.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Evaluating a Social Robot Reception Service in an Italian Geriatric Hospital (HOSPER Study): Protocol for a Usability Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Integrating a Large Language Model Into a Socially Assistive Robot in a Hospital Geriatric Unit: Two-Wave Comparative Study on Performance, Engagement, and User Perceptions.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSocially assistive robots (SARs) hold promise for supporting older adults (OAs) in hospital settings by promoting social engagement, reducing loneliness, and enhancing emotional well-being. They may also assist health care professionals by delivering information, managing routines, and alleviating workload. However, their acceptability and usability remain major challenges, particularly in dynamic real-world care environments.
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and usability of a SAR in a geriatric day care hospital (DCH) and to identify key factors influencing its adoption by OAs and their informal caregivers.
methodsOver the course of 1 year, 97 participants (n=65, 67%, OA patients and n=32, 33%, informal caregivers) took part in a mixed methods evaluation of ARI, a socially assistive humanoid robot developed by PAL Robotics. ARI was deployed in the waiting area of a geriatric day care robot in Paris (France), where it interacted with users through voice-based dialogue. After each session, participants completed 2 standardized assessments, the Acceptability E-scale (AES) and the System Usability Scale (SUS), administered orally to ensure accessibility. Open-ended qualitative feedback was also collected to capture subjective experiences and contextual perceptions.
resultsAcceptability scores significantly increased across waves (wave 1: mean 15.4/30, SD 5.81; wave 2: mean 20.9/30, SD 5.25; wave 3: mean 22.5/30, SD 4.23; P<.001). Usability scores also improved (wave 1: mean 47.9/100, SD 24.18; wave 2: mean 57.4/100, SD 22.46; wave 3: mean 69.3/100, SD 16.03; P<.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between acceptability and usability scores (r=0.664, P<.001). Qualitative findings indicated improved ease of use, clarity, and user satisfaction over time, particularly following the integration of a large language model (LLM) in wave 2, leading to more coherent, natural, and context-aware interactions.
conclusionsSuccessive system enhancements, most notably the integration of an LLM, led to measurable gains in usability and acceptability among patients and informal caregivers. These findings underscore the importance of iterative, user-centered design in deploying SARs in geriatric care environments.
trial registrationApproved by the French national ethics committee (CPP Ouest II, IRB: 2021/20) as it did not involve randomization or clinical intervention.
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