Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40753526›Full record

Trial reportEuropean archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry2025

Comparison of behavioural, physiological, and self-reported pain responses in Pakistani children with dental pain: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

H Abbasi, R S Saini, R I H Binduhayyim, M S Kuruniyan, S A Mosaddad, A Heboyan

Registry-linked trialAbstract readComparative StudyMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05883566 (Comparison of Behavioral , Physiological and Self-reported Pain Responses in Children With Dental Pain), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05883566 nacompletednot on this map

Comparison of Behavioral , Physiological and Self-reported Pain Responses in Children With Dental Pain

TypeinterventionalSponsorAltamash Institute of Dental MedicineRan2023 to 2023Enrolled30ConditionsDental AnxietyArmsexperimental
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

H AbbasiDepartment of Operative Dentistry, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan.
R S SainiDepartment of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
R I H BinduhayyimDepartment of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
M S KuruniyanDepartment of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
S A MosaddadDepartment of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. mosaddad.sa@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-8289
A HeboyanDepartment of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. heboyan.artak@gmail.com.

Funding

Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University RGP2/475/45
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study aimed to evaluate behavioral, physiological, and self-reported responses to pain-inducing stimuli in children to comprehensively understand their pain experiences.

methodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study involved 100 children aged 5-15 years with moderate-to-severe dental pain. Behavioral, physiological, and self-reported pain responses were assessed using the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) Behavior Pain Assessment Tool, physiological parameter pain assessment, and 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The statistical tests utilized were multivariate logistic regression analysis, Cohen's kappa for inter-observer reliability, and chi-square tests to examine relationships between pain responses and various demographic, behavioral, and physiological variables.

resultsThe study results showed that the participant group was gender-balanced, with most aged 5-8 years, and approximately 68% had dental caries. Pain stimuli included cold (61%), heat (26%), and pressure (13%). Behavioral responses showed no significant sex differences (P = 0.480). Still, they were influenced by age (P = 0.022), type of pain stimulus (P = 0.019), caries experience (P = 0.022), caries severity (P = 0.020), and type of dental procedure (P = 0.014). Physiological measures correlated with pain severity, including heart rate (P = 0.002), blood pressure (P = 0.025), respiration rate, and skin conductance (both P = 0.000). Self-reported pain varied significantly with age (P = 0.001) and type of pain stimulus (P = 0.040) but not with sex (P = 0.386), caries experience (P = 0.641), severity (P = 0.201), or procedure type (P = 0.330). Inter-rater reliability indicated substantial agreement between observers (0.734, 0.659, 0.681) but only moderate agreement between observers and patients (0.209, 0.308; 0.282, 0.312; 0.447, 0.451), suggesting discrepancies between perceived and observed pain.

conclusionsThis study revealed the influence of age and type of pain stimulus on children's pain perception, underscoring the need for tailored pain management and the integration of multiple assessment methods. This highlights the importance of enhanced pain communication, preventive care, and ongoing research in pediatric dentistry.

trial registrationRegistered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05883566), dated 01/06/2023.

Indexed as

Child BehaviorToothacheAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesDental CariesFemaleHumansMalePain MeasurementPakistanSelf ReportDentistryPainPediatric dentistryToothache

Identifiers

PMID40753526

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.