Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40758215›Full record

ArticleTissue engineering and regenerative medicine2025

Keratin Scaffold Formulation Impacts rhBMP-2 Biodistribution and Bone Regeneration in a Rat Femur Defect Model.

Justin M Saul, Judy S Bohnert, Molly O'Brien, Saif Alnuaimi, Troy P Carnwath, Quinn Dunivan, Douglas W Coffin, Thomas L Smith

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Justin M SaulDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA. sauljm@MiamiOH.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-4958
Judy S BohnertDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
Molly O'BrienDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
Saif AlnuaimiDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
Troy P CarnwathDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
Quinn DunivanDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
Douglas W CoffinDepartment of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
Thomas L SmithDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.

Funding

Keratin hydrogel matrix for tunable growth factor delivery in bone regenerationR01AR061391 · NIAMS · MIAMI UNIVERSITY OXFORD · PI SAUL, JUSTIN · 2012 to 2015
$1.4M
NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR061391NIAMS NIH HHS R01AR061391
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTreatment for nonunion in long bones remains a clinical need. Collagen sponges loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) are potential grafts but have limited FDA-approved applications due to safety concerns associated with rapid collagen resorption and burst release of rhBMP-2 in vivo. This work investigates keratin proteins obtained from human hair as a potential rhBMP-2 biomaterial carrier. Keratins are an appealing carrier because the extent of disulfide crosslinking can be modulated by the form of keratin present, thus allowing control over the rate of scaffold degradation.

methodsThe two forms of keratin used to formulate carriers were reductively extracted keratin called kerateine (KTN) that can form disulfide crosslinks and oxidatively extracted keratin called keratose (KOS) that does not form disulfide crosslinks. Five formulations of freeze-dried keratin scaffolds containing variable amounts of KOS and KTN were fabricated and implanted into a critically-sized rat femur defect model.

resultsA 50:50 KOS:KTN formulation with rhBMP-2 showed the same level of bone bridging, bone mineral density, and bone volume as collagen with rhBMP-2 by 8 weeks as determined by μ-CT. Scaffolds with the 50:50 KOS:KTN or 100% KTN showed approximately fourfold higher retention of fluorescently-labeled rhBMP-2 at the implant site 1, 3, or 7 days post-implant compared to collagen or 100% KOS scaffolds. The increased retention with 50:50 KOS:KTN or 100% KTN correlated with decreased levels of fluorescent rhBMP-2 in distal organs.

conclusionsKeratin scaffolds could provide comparable levels of bone regeneration as collagen carriers with improved safety profiles suitable for use in long bone nonunions.

Indexed as

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2Bone RegenerationFemurKeratinsTissue ScaffoldsTransforming Growth Factor betaAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalHumansMaleRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyRecombinant ProteinsTissue DistributionBone Morphogenetic Protein 2Keratinsrecombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2Recombinant ProteinsTransforming Growth Factor betaBiomaterialsFractureNatural materialsNonunionRecombinant human bone morphogenetic protein

Identifiers

PMID40758215
PMCPMC12640424

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.