Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40759976›Full record

ArticleInfectious diseases of poverty2025

Risk factor for gametocyte carriage and gametocytemia in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum.

Minxi Li, Yang Bian, Shishao Ruan, Zifang Wu, Di Zhang, Tongyu Ma, Yaming Wu, Xiao Liu, Duo Wang, Jia Lin and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Infectious diseases of poverty, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Minxi Li *Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Yang Bian *Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Shishao RuanDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Zifang WuDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Di ZhangDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Tongyu MaDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Yaming WuDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Xiao LiuDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Duo WangDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Jia LinDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Danni PanDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Wenyan CuiDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Lin WangDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Haichao WeiDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Xuexing ZhangDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Qinghui WangDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
Weilin ZengDepartment of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
Zhaoqing YangDepartment of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
Yaming CaoDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China. ymcao@cmu.edu.cn.
Liwang CuiDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. liwangcui@usf.edu.
Daniel M ParkerDepartment of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, USA. dparker1@hs.uci.edu.
Yan ZhaoDepartment of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China. yzhao90@cmu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-0472-6907

Funding

Southeast Asia Malaria Research CenterU19AI089672 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI CUI, LIWANG · 2010 to 2023
$28.9M
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA U19AI089672NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI089672
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUnderstanding Plasmodium sexual differentiation is crucial for blocking transmission. This study identified risk factors for gametocyte carriage and gametocytemia in P. vivax and P. falciparum to inform malaria elimination strategies at the China-Myanmar border.

methodsGametocytes and asexual parasites were microscopically detected on thick smears collected from 2011 to 2020 in Laiza Township, Kachin State, Myanmar. Mono-/polyclonality were detected by genotyping at Pvmsp3α/β for P. vivax, and Pfmsp1/2 for P. falciparum. Kulldorff's retrospective time scan statistics tested for likely clusters of gametocyte-positive cases over time. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests compared proportions of gametocyte-positive cases in categorical variables. Generalized linear models assessed risk factors (year, season, demographics, clinical/parasitological features) for gametocyte carriage (logistic regression for a binomial outcome) and gametocytemia (Gaussian regression for continuous outcome), respectively.

resultsDuring 2011-2020, 8240 patients had P. vivax infections, with 7249 testing positive for gametocytes. Among 510 P. falciparum cases, 56 tested positive for gametocytes. A significant cluster of P. vivax gametocyte carriage occurred from May 2015 to August 2017 (P = 0.001). For P. vivax, dry season, previous malaria history, fever, and parasite density were associated with gametocyte carriage. Gametocyte density increased with asexual parasite density (P < 0.001) but was lower during the rainy season and in those with a history of malaria infection (P < 0.001). Over time, gametocytes carriage proportion increased while density decreased (P < 0.001). For P. falciparum, younger age and previous malaria history were associated with gametocyte carriage, and density was higher in the dry season (P = 0.0115). Polyclonal P. vivax infections had higher gametocyte densities than monoclonal infections (P < 0.0001) and P. falciparum gametocyte density tended to increase with multiplicity of infection.

conclusionsYounger age, prior malaria infection, travel, and polyclonal infections correlate with higher P. vivax gametocyte prevalence. Gametocyte carriage peakes during the dry season, highlighting the need for seasonal strategies to support malaria elimination. These findings enhance understanding of risk factors for the transmissible stage of the two main human Plasmodium species in the Greater Mekong Subregion border areas.

Indexed as

Carrier StateMalaria, FalciparumMalaria, VivaxPlasmodium falciparumPlasmodium vivaxAdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleMiddle AgedMyanmarChina-Myanmar borderGametocytePlasmodium falciparumPlasmodium vivaxRisk factor

Identifiers

PMID40759976
PMCPMC12320276

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.