ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2025
Distinct patterns of hypogonadism in a cross-sectional study of Malaysian men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The role of insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and aging.
Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study of University Employees in China.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
introductionHypogonadism is common among male patients living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and can be divided into hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (hyper-H) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (hypo-H). Hypo-H is strongly linked to insulin resistance and visceral adiposity, while hyper-H in type 2 diabetes mellitus males has not been extensively studied. We aimed to study factors associated with the two subtypes of hypogonadal type 2 diabetes mellitus males in Malaysia, where obesity and poorly controlled diabetes are highly prevalent. PATIENTS AND
methodsWe screened 360 type 2 diabetes mellitus males for hypogonadism (H), defined by total testosterone <12 nmol/L, repeated calculated free testosterone <0.255 nmol/L, and Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) scale >26. Subjects were classified into hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (hypo-H) and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (hyper-H) based on luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. We further analyzed their sociodemographic and clinical parameters in comparison to the control group of eugonadal males.
results55.6% of the 63 hypogonadal subjects have hypo-H. Significant differences in weight (P = 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001), serum HDL-C (P < 0.001), serum triglycerides (P = 0.001) and TyG index (P < 0.001) were observed between hypo-H and eugonadal males. For hyper-H males, only age differed significantly from eugonadal males (P = 0.034).
conclusionsAge is significantly associated with hyper-H, while insulin resistance and visceral adiposity are strongly linked to hypo-H. Older and obese Malaysian type 2 diabetes mellitus males, particularly those with coronary artery disease and lower HDL-C levels, are at a higher risk of developing hypogonadism. Diabetic treatments aimed at improving insulin resistance and reducing visceral adiposity could be highly effective for hypogonadal type 2 diabetes mellitus males in Malaysia.
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