Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40785139›Full record

ArticleJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2025

Evaluation of Population-Based Sodium Reduction Strategies in China: Protocol for a Study Using a Combined Quantitative and Qualitative Approach.

Yuze Xin, Jianwei Xu, Zhifang Li, Xuejun Yin, Tengyi Wang, Beike Wu, Shuangjie Peng, Anqi Ge, Xinyan Liu, Min Liu and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Yuze XinSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.ORCID 0009-0003-6955-6154
Jianwei XuNational Centre for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Zhifang LiSchool of Preventive Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China.
Xuejun YinSchool of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
Tengyi WangSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Beike WuSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Shuangjie PengSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Anqi GeSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Xinyan LiuSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Min LiuNational Centre for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Hueiming LiuThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Lei SiSchool of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia.
Stephen JanThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Jixiang MaShandong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
Yangfeng WuPeking University Clinical Research Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Jing WuNational Centre for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Laura CobbResolve to Save Lives, Vital Strategies, New York City, New York, USA.
Bruce NealThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Katrina KissockThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Maoyi TianSchool of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia APP1169751
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sodium intake in China is among the highest in the world, particularly in rural areas. A government-led national sodium reduction program has been implemented but evaluations of its implementation and effectiveness remain limited. The study will use a combined qualitative and quantitative approach and a before-after design, to monitor and evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the sodium reduction program in the rural areas of four provinces geographically distributed throughout China: Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Guizhou, and Guangdong. Baseline data collected in 2021-2023 will be compared to follow-up data collected in 2024-2025. Population surveys will quantify changes in community knowledge, behaviors, dietary patterns, and sodium intake. Food retail surveys will assess changes in the sodium content of packaged food products, while stakeholder interviews will assess the extent to which the program has been implemented as planned across government, industry, health, and community organizations. The study has received funding and ethics committee approvals though timelines and study processes were significantly delayed by COVID-19. Baseline surveys of 2790 community members have now been completed, food composition data for 20 240 products has been collected, and there have been 37 stakeholders interviewed to date. This project will provide a robust evaluation of progress with implementation of China's national sodium reduction program in rural areas of the country. It will quantify impact to date and provide insight into what has worked, as well as what has not, and inform future sodium reduction strategies.

Indexed as

Diet, Sodium-RestrictedHypertensionSodium, DietaryChinaCOVID-19HumansRural PopulationSodium, Dietaryrural Chinasodium intakesodium reduction

Identifiers

PMID40785139
PMCPMC12336285

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.