ArticleFrontiers in medicine2025
The correlation between plasma lactoferrin and inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes with dry eye disease patients.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Corneal neuropathy: An overlooked biomarker for dry eye in type 2 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Lactoferrin as a multi-target nutritional modulator in type-2 diabetes.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Lactoferrin (LF) is a primarily protein derived from the degranulation of neutrophils in plasma, and has been identified as a potential biomarker for dry eye disease (DED) and type 2 diabetes patients (T2D). This study aims to investigate the correlation between plasma lactoferrin and other inflammatory biomarkers, such as lactoferrin to neutrophil ratio (LFNR) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), in type 2 diabetic patients with dry eye disease (T2D-DED). Method: This study was conducted at the Diabetes Center outpatient clinics at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study included two groups: 26 healthy individuals and 41 T2D-DED patients. The plasma samples were collected and analyzed in the hospital for laboratory routine tests for neutrophil, lymphocyte, C-reactive protein (CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), and albumin (ALB), and data were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records. The same plasma samples were tested for LF using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The plasma lactoferrin to neutrophil ratio (LFNR) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were calculated. All statistical analyses were performed using PRISM software, with a Results: LF concentrations were found to be 1.10 ± 1.0 μgmL Conclusion: The study indicated that LF levels and other inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in patients with T2D-DED. There are significant positive correlations between LF and HbA1C, as well as LF and LFNR in T2D-DED patients, which differ from the correlations found in healthy individuals. This suggests that the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of these biomarkers depends on whether the disease is present.
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