ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Study on the 1990-2021 trend of global childhood respiratory infection and tuberculosis disease burden and related risk factors.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute Respiratory Infections Hospitalizations and In-Hospital Mortality in Ecuador: Differences in Patterns Between Pediatric and Adult Populations.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Tailoring Prevention and Control Strategies for Childhood Tuberculosis: From a Global Analysis of Burden Trends and Inequalities Across Three Age Groups (1990-2021) to Prevention and Control Strategies.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and tuberculosis (TB) impose a critical global health burden on children, serving as leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) remain the primary cause of death in under-5 s, though mortality has declined recently. Objective: This study aims to analyze trends in RTIs and TB among 0-14-year-olds using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Global data on childhood RTIs and TB were collected from GBD, with standardized methods used to assess disease burden trends, age/sex/SDI differences, and the contribution of 11 risk factors. Results: From 1990 to 2021, incidences of upper RTIs, otitis media, and TB decreased, but overall RTIs increased. Neonatal LRI had the highest mortality (1,560.6/100 k). Male children showed higher TB incidence/mortality. Low-SDI areas had the highest burden (mortality 2.036/100 k), while high-SDI areas saw the largest TB mortality drop (95.7%). Underweight remained the main risk factor, with DALY rate falling 80.3%, though household air pollution, low birth weight, short gestation, and high temperature rose in rank. Conclusion: Global childhood respiratory disease burden faces challenges, requiring strengthened international cooperation and targeted interventions, especially in low-SDI regions, to improve public health and nutrition.
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