ArticleNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026
Formulation and development of thymoquinone-loaded ufasome hydrogel for effective treatment of onychomycosis.
Article in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Chronic fungal nail infections like onychomycosis are challenging to treat due to drug resistance, long treatment durations, and poor nail penetration of conventional antifungals. Here, we report the formulation and evaluation of a thymoquinone-loaded ufasome hydrogel (TQ-UFs-Gel) designed for enhanced transungual delivery. TQ-UFs were prepared by thin-film hydration of sodium oleate and cholesterol, optimized via a central composite design to yield vesicles ~ 191.50 ± 0.23 nm in size with 80.05 ± 0.34% entrapment efficiency and PDI 0.18 ± 0.32. The hydrogel was formed by incorporating TQ-UFs into 1% Carbopol 940. Physicochemical characterization included pH, spreadability, viscosity, texture profile analysis, in vitro release (Franz diffusion), ex vivo bovine hoof permeation, nail clipping drug loading, and HET-CAM irritation testing. The optimized TQ-UFs-Gel exhibited shear-thinning behavior (viscosity 987 → 387 cP), pH 5.9 ± 0.23, spreadability 8.7 ± 0.12 cm, and firmness 191.7 g. In vitro release showed a biphasic profile (39.90% in 2 h; 90.10% in 24 h), fitting the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R
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